API-Net(AIDS Prevention Information Network) エイズ予防情報ネット. ”ＨＩＶ情報.” 9 Feb. 2008. <http://api-net.jfap.or.jp/htmls/frameset-08.html>
Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government 東京都福祉保健局. "エイズ に関す るＱ＆Ａ." 1 Jan. 2008. 9 Feb. 2008. <http://www.fukushihoken.metro.tokyo.jp/iryo/kansen/aids/qa/index.html>.
Campbell, Catherine. Letting Them Die Why HIV/AIDS Intervention Programmes Fail. South Africa: International African Institute, 2003.
Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention 財団法人エイズ予防財団. ”エイズ予防のための戦略研究.”18 May 2006. 9 Feb. 2008. <http://www.jfap.or.jp/yobou/yobou_frame.htm>.
Josh, Agnes, and Paul A. Wilson. Combating AIDS in The Developing World. UK and USA: Earthscan, 2005.
Kalichman, Seth C. Positive Prevention Reducing HIV Transmission among People Living with HIV/AIDS. New York: Springer, 2005.
UNAIDS. Full Report 2007 AIDS Epidemic Update. 19 Nov. 2007. 9 Feb. 2008. <http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf>.
WHO Association of Japan 社団法人日本ＷＨＯ協会. ”世界エイズデーとは.” 2007. 9 Feb. 2008. <http://www.japan-who.or.jp/save_hiv.htm>.
World Health Orgnization. "HIV Infections." 9 Feb. 2008. <http://www.who.int/topics/hiv_infections/en/>.
2008年2月9日土曜日
2008年1月29日火曜日
RWTTO
Title:
The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Japan:
Possible and Effective Actions
Thesis statement:
This paper will argue that the spread of HIV/AIDS in Japan can be stopped, because it is occurred by careless personal actions, unconsciousness and vicious circles. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a responsibility and need to act personally and positively.
Outline:
Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Background
B. Thesis statement
Ⅱ. Origins of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. HIV
2. AIDS
B. General causes
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood infection
3. Sharing instrument
4. Maternity infection
Ⅲ. The current situation
A. In Japan
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
B. Worldwide
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
Ⅳ. Causes in Japan
A. 3 routes
B. Sexual activities
1. Homosexual
2. Heterosexual
Ⅴ. Problems in Japan
A. Supreme problem
B. Main problems
1. Men -on society
2. Unconscious - on death
3. Secondary disaster - on relationships
Ⅵ. Possible and effective solutions
A. Preventions
1. No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex
2. Test and consult
3. Antiretroviral treatment
B. Another aspects
1. Japanese government
2. World AIDS Day
Ⅶ. Conclusion
The Spread of HIV/AIDS in Japan:
Possible and Effective Actions
Thesis statement:
This paper will argue that the spread of HIV/AIDS in Japan can be stopped, because it is occurred by careless personal actions, unconsciousness and vicious circles. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a responsibility and need to act personally and positively.
Outline:
Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Background
B. Thesis statement
Ⅱ. Origins of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. HIV
2. AIDS
B. General causes
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood infection
3. Sharing instrument
4. Maternity infection
Ⅲ. The current situation
A. In Japan
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
B. Worldwide
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
Ⅳ. Causes in Japan
A. 3 routes
B. Sexual activities
1. Homosexual
2. Heterosexual
Ⅴ. Problems in Japan
A. Supreme problem
B. Main problems
1. Men -on society
2. Unconscious - on death
3. Secondary disaster - on relationships
Ⅵ. Possible and effective solutions
A. Preventions
1. No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex
2. Test and consult
3. Antiretroviral treatment
B. Another aspects
1. Japanese government
2. World AIDS Day
Ⅶ. Conclusion
2008年1月24日木曜日
First draft
Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Background
B. Thesis statement
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. HIV
2. AIDS
B. General causes
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood infection
3. Sharing instrument
4. Maternity infection
Ⅲ. The current situations
A. In Japan
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
B. Worldwide
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
A. Sexual activities
1. Homosexual
2. Heterosexual
B. Influences
1. Men -on society
2. Unconscious -on relationships
3. Secondary disaster -on death
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
A. Effective preventions
1. No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex
2. Test and consult
3. Antiretroviral treatment
B. Another aspects
1. Japanese government
2. World AIDS Day
Ⅵ. Conclusion
Ⅰ. Introduction
In this world, a large number of viruses always threaten human health. There are many people who are living with AIDS throughout the world. Also, persons who become infected with HIV is spreading. Of course they are mostly in developing countries like Africa and South-East Asia, but nowadays, in Japan, they are increasing yearly. It is a big social issue. However, viruses are not only unknown ones but preventable. AIDS and HIV are included as one of latter. In other words, the spread of AIDS and HIV can be stopped and changed. Because it is occurred by a lack of knowledge, insufficient of solutions and careless actions. It depends on our behavior, our society and environments. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
First of all, accurate definition of AIDS and HIV is needed. WHO defines that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. And, the most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People are infected with HIV so first that they become living with AIDS. It can take 10-15 years for an HIV-infected person to develop AIDS.
Then, it shows where people get HIV. WHO gives the four transmitted causes. First is the unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal). Second is the transfusion of contaminated blood by HIV. And, the sharing of contaminated needles is third, between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding is fourth.
Ⅲ. The current situations
In Japan, the spread of HIV and AIDS is quite serious problem. People who are infected with HIV/AIDS are growing every year. The latest number of them is 17000, UNAIDS reports. It has over doubled in the last 10 years. Furthermore, the number could be estimated four times because most are unconscious of infection. The ratio of men to women is equal substantially. They all are aged 15 and over. For the present, no children of 14 and under are infected with HIV/AIDS and the dead are nothing. Although, the dead of adults due to AIDS are 1400 (Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention).
While, the estimated number of persons living with HIV worldwide in 2007 was 33.2 million. Every day, over 6800 persons become infected with HIV and over 5700 persons die from AIDS. People newly infected with HIV in 2007 are 2.5 million, but that number has been decreasing for last 10 years. The ratio of men to women is equal. The number of children under 15 years living with is 2.5 million. However, as well as whole, children newly infected with HIV declined. The number of adult and child deaths due to AIDS is 2.1 million. It also has decreased actually.
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
The supreme problem in Japan is the expanding number of HIV/AIDS. The causes of transmitted in Japan are almost as same as general ways. The routes are sexual activities, blood infection and maternity infection. Especially, the sexual activities is the major factor. It can be divided into three patterns, by homosexual, heterosexual and others. Particularly, the infection by homosexual is remarkably increasing. In spite of that the number of people with HIV/AIDS are caused by whether homosexual or heterosexual is almost equal, the number by homosexual is about 3.6 times in a decade. While, by heterosexual decreased about 1.5 times against the highest number and usually flattens in these several years.
In Tokyo, there are 40 percent of whole which living with HIV/AIDS. In which, actually 90 percent of that is men. In them which includes men who have sex with men, who are infected with HIV are in twenties and thirties and living with AIDS are in forties and fifties (Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government). That is a problem. Because they are in their prime and an important role of the Japanese society.
Another problem results from the property of this disease. HIV takes about ten years until developing AIDS symptoms. So, most of people are unconscious of infection. It can cause a vicious circle for relationships between couple and family or social. It is the truth that secondary infection is spreading. Moreover, people do not realize it. They miss a chance to have early treatment. For the worst, it might lead them to death.
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
Aim to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, the most effective preventions are needed. The first possible prevention is No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex. On sexual activities, what be off the routes of infection is importance. Also, what have safe and regular partner or what use a condom properly are effective. The next possible prevention is to be conscious of HIV/AIDS. Recently, there are so many places where can test or consult everywhere. Because they are free and anonymous, people can undergo easily without feeling constraint. It takes only from a week to 10 days until when result of test. The third is antiretroviral treatment. Actually, there is no sure remedy against this disease. Yet, there is extremely effective treatment as HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy). It can prevent to develop AIDS.
As another aspects, Japanese government has proclaimed AIDS prevention guideline since 2006. It aims as follows, Putting the emphasis on the enlightenment and education, Improvement of voluntary HIV testing and counseling system and Re-building the system for provision of medical care. Globally, to prevent the spread of AIDS in worldwide and dissolve discrimination or prejudice for persons with HIV/AIDS, WHO has fixed December 1st for World AIDS Day since 1998 and advocated administration of enlightenment activities and so on of AIDS.
Ⅵ. Conclusion
In these ways, the spread of HIV/AIDS can be stopped. Besides, as a result, the number of persons with HIV/AIDS can decrease. To succeed it, synthetic actions, personally, nationally and globally, are needed. Especially, on prevention, individual actions are essential. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
(1027)
A. Background
B. Thesis statement
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. HIV
2. AIDS
B. General causes
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood infection
3. Sharing instrument
4. Maternity infection
Ⅲ. The current situations
A. In Japan
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
B. Worldwide
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
A. Sexual activities
1. Homosexual
2. Heterosexual
B. Influences
1. Men -on society
2. Unconscious -on relationships
3. Secondary disaster -on death
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
A. Effective preventions
1. No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex
2. Test and consult
3. Antiretroviral treatment
B. Another aspects
1. Japanese government
2. World AIDS Day
Ⅵ. Conclusion
Ⅰ. Introduction
In this world, a large number of viruses always threaten human health. There are many people who are living with AIDS throughout the world. Also, persons who become infected with HIV is spreading. Of course they are mostly in developing countries like Africa and South-East Asia, but nowadays, in Japan, they are increasing yearly. It is a big social issue. However, viruses are not only unknown ones but preventable. AIDS and HIV are included as one of latter. In other words, the spread of AIDS and HIV can be stopped and changed. Because it is occurred by a lack of knowledge, insufficient of solutions and careless actions. It depends on our behavior, our society and environments. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
First of all, accurate definition of AIDS and HIV is needed. WHO defines that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. And, the most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People are infected with HIV so first that they become living with AIDS. It can take 10-15 years for an HIV-infected person to develop AIDS.
Then, it shows where people get HIV. WHO gives the four transmitted causes. First is the unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal). Second is the transfusion of contaminated blood by HIV. And, the sharing of contaminated needles is third, between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding is fourth.
Ⅲ. The current situations
In Japan, the spread of HIV and AIDS is quite serious problem. People who are infected with HIV/AIDS are growing every year. The latest number of them is 17000, UNAIDS reports. It has over doubled in the last 10 years. Furthermore, the number could be estimated four times because most are unconscious of infection. The ratio of men to women is equal substantially. They all are aged 15 and over. For the present, no children of 14 and under are infected with HIV/AIDS and the dead are nothing. Although, the dead of adults due to AIDS are 1400 (Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention).
While, the estimated number of persons living with HIV worldwide in 2007 was 33.2 million. Every day, over 6800 persons become infected with HIV and over 5700 persons die from AIDS. People newly infected with HIV in 2007 are 2.5 million, but that number has been decreasing for last 10 years. The ratio of men to women is equal. The number of children under 15 years living with is 2.5 million. However, as well as whole, children newly infected with HIV declined. The number of adult and child deaths due to AIDS is 2.1 million. It also has decreased actually.
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
The supreme problem in Japan is the expanding number of HIV/AIDS. The causes of transmitted in Japan are almost as same as general ways. The routes are sexual activities, blood infection and maternity infection. Especially, the sexual activities is the major factor. It can be divided into three patterns, by homosexual, heterosexual and others. Particularly, the infection by homosexual is remarkably increasing. In spite of that the number of people with HIV/AIDS are caused by whether homosexual or heterosexual is almost equal, the number by homosexual is about 3.6 times in a decade. While, by heterosexual decreased about 1.5 times against the highest number and usually flattens in these several years.
In Tokyo, there are 40 percent of whole which living with HIV/AIDS. In which, actually 90 percent of that is men. In them which includes men who have sex with men, who are infected with HIV are in twenties and thirties and living with AIDS are in forties and fifties (Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government). That is a problem. Because they are in their prime and an important role of the Japanese society.
Another problem results from the property of this disease. HIV takes about ten years until developing AIDS symptoms. So, most of people are unconscious of infection. It can cause a vicious circle for relationships between couple and family or social. It is the truth that secondary infection is spreading. Moreover, people do not realize it. They miss a chance to have early treatment. For the worst, it might lead them to death.
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
Aim to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, the most effective preventions are needed. The first possible prevention is No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex. On sexual activities, what be off the routes of infection is importance. Also, what have safe and regular partner or what use a condom properly are effective. The next possible prevention is to be conscious of HIV/AIDS. Recently, there are so many places where can test or consult everywhere. Because they are free and anonymous, people can undergo easily without feeling constraint. It takes only from a week to 10 days until when result of test. The third is antiretroviral treatment. Actually, there is no sure remedy against this disease. Yet, there is extremely effective treatment as HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy). It can prevent to develop AIDS.
As another aspects, Japanese government has proclaimed AIDS prevention guideline since 2006. It aims as follows, Putting the emphasis on the enlightenment and education, Improvement of voluntary HIV testing and counseling system and Re-building the system for provision of medical care. Globally, to prevent the spread of AIDS in worldwide and dissolve discrimination or prejudice for persons with HIV/AIDS, WHO has fixed December 1st for World AIDS Day since 1998 and advocated administration of enlightenment activities and so on of AIDS.
Ⅵ. Conclusion
In these ways, the spread of HIV/AIDS can be stopped. Besides, as a result, the number of persons with HIV/AIDS can decrease. To succeed it, synthetic actions, personally, nationally and globally, are needed. Especially, on prevention, individual actions are essential. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
(1027)
2007年12月19日水曜日
Formal Outline
(rewriting; new title)
Possible positive actions:
Aim to stop the spread of AIDS in Japan
The spread of AIDS in Japan:
Knows, Preventions and Actions
Thesis statement:
In Japan, a person with AIDS is increasing yearly. This essay will argue that it can be stopped the spread. Therefore, this issue should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Background
B. Thesis Statement
Ⅱ. Origins of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. AIDS
2. HIV
B. The routes and Causes
1. sexual activities
2. Blood infection
3. Maternity infection
C. Bad influences for
1. Society
2. Relationships
3. Oneself
Ⅲ. The current situation in Japan
A. The numbers
1. With AIDS and with HIV
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Location
B. The causes
1. Homosexuality
2. Heterosexual
3. Others
C. The problems
1. A Change in culture
2. Ignorance and neglect
Ⅳ. Overview to the world
A. The numbers
1. With AIDS and with HIV
2. Sex and Age
3. Dead
B. The Cases
1. In Asia
2. In Africa
3. In Europe
Ⅴ. Reactions to the issues
A. In the future
1. Patient’s number
2. Specific remedy
B. Possibility solutions
1. In Japan
2. In other countries
C. Specific proposals
1. Governments
2. Hospitals
3. Individuals
Ⅵ. Conclusion
2007年12月17日月曜日
Research Proposal
There are many people who are infected with AIDS throughout the world. Also, person who becomes infested with HIV is spreading. Nowadays, in Japan, they are increasing yearly. It seems that most of all are males in twenties and thirties, especially. This essay will illuminate the causes of the spread of AIDS in Japan. Besides, this insists that it can be stopped and changed. Because it is occurred by lack of knowledge, insufficient of solutions and careless actions. It depends on our behavior, our society and environments. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively. Inoue, Yamazaki, Wakabayashi and Kihara’s analysis of sexual activities and social relationships of people with HIV in Japan (2004). Onuoha and Manakata’s research on correlates of adolescent assertiveness with HIV avoidance in four-country adolescent samples of Nigerian, Thai, Chinese and Japanese (2005). Kalichman’s paper titled “Positive prevention”, reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV and AIDS (2005). These sources seem to validate the thesis of my essay at this stage in my research.
2007年12月12日水曜日
Working Bibliography
Inoue, Yoji; Yamazaki, Y.; Seki, Y.; Wakabayashi, C.; Kihara, M. Sexual Activities and Social Relationships of People with HIV in JapanAIDS Care, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 349-362, Apr 2004
Feldman, Eric A. Blood Justice: Courts, Conflict, and Compensation in Japan, France, and the United StatesLaw and Society Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 651-701, Oct 2000
Simonet, Daniel. The AIDS Epidemic and Migrants in AsiaRevue Tiers Monde, vol. 44, no. 173, pp. 195-218, Jan-Mar 2003
Onuoha, Francis N.; Manakata, Tsunetsugu. Correlates of Adolescent Assertiveness with HIV Avoidance in a Four-Nation SampleAdolescence, vol. 40, no. 159, pp. 525-532, fall 2005
Josh Ruxin, coordinator, Agnes Binagwaho, coordinator, Paul A. Wilson, lead author. Combating AIDS in the developing world /Earthscan, 2005.
Catherine Campbell. Letting them die : why HIV/AIDS intervention programmes fail /
International African Institute in association with James Currey ; 2003.
edited by Seth C. Kalichman. Positive prevention : reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS /
Springer, [2005].
lead authors, Beryl Leach, Joan E. Paluzzi, Paula Munderi, coordinator. Prescription for healthy development : increasing access to medicines /
Earthscan, c2005.
API-Net(AIDS Prevention Information Network) エイズ予防情報ネット.
http://api-net.jfap.or.jp/
Thesis statement(rewriting):
In Japan, a person with AIDS is increasing yearly. This essay will argue that it can be stopped the spread. Therefore, this issue should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
Feldman, Eric A. Blood Justice: Courts, Conflict, and Compensation in Japan, France, and the United StatesLaw and Society Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 651-701, Oct 2000
Simonet, Daniel. The AIDS Epidemic and Migrants in AsiaRevue Tiers Monde, vol. 44, no. 173, pp. 195-218, Jan-Mar 2003
Onuoha, Francis N.; Manakata, Tsunetsugu. Correlates of Adolescent Assertiveness with HIV Avoidance in a Four-Nation SampleAdolescence, vol. 40, no. 159, pp. 525-532, fall 2005
Josh Ruxin, coordinator, Agnes Binagwaho, coordinator, Paul A. Wilson, lead author. Combating AIDS in the developing world /Earthscan, 2005.
Catherine Campbell. Letting them die : why HIV/AIDS intervention programmes fail /
International African Institute in association with James Currey ; 2003.
edited by Seth C. Kalichman. Positive prevention : reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS /
Springer, [2005].
lead authors, Beryl Leach, Joan E. Paluzzi, Paula Munderi, coordinator. Prescription for healthy development : increasing access to medicines /
Earthscan, c2005.
API-Net(AIDS Prevention Information Network) エイズ予防情報ネット.
http://api-net.jfap.or.jp/
Thesis statement(rewriting):
In Japan, a person with AIDS is increasing yearly. This essay will argue that it can be stopped the spread. Therefore, this issue should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
2007年12月9日日曜日
Scratch Outline
The spread of AIDS in Japan
Thesis statement:
In Japan, a person with AIDS is increasing yearly. This essay will argue that it can be stopped the spread and necessity to act.
What is AIDS? :
How be infected?
What is the cause?
How be getting bad?
How is the situation in Japan? :
How many patients?
eg.) sex
age
Why increase?
How is the difference in the world?
eg.) number of patients
sex and age
Asia, Africa and Europe
How is the solution? :
How is being in the future?
What is doing to solute?
eg.) Japan and other countries
What can be doing? ;
by governments
by hospitals
by individuals
Thesis statement:
In Japan, a person with AIDS is increasing yearly. This essay will argue that it can be stopped the spread and necessity to act.
What is AIDS? :
How be infected?
What is the cause?
How be getting bad?
How is the situation in Japan? :
How many patients?
eg.) sex
age
Why increase?
How is the difference in the world?
eg.) number of patients
sex and age
Asia, Africa and Europe
How is the solution? :
How is being in the future?
What is doing to solute?
eg.) Japan and other countries
What can be doing? ;
by governments
by hospitals
by individuals
登録:
投稿 (Atom)