Ⅰ. Introduction
A. Background
B. Thesis statement
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
A. Definitions
1. HIV
2. AIDS
B. General causes
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood infection
3. Sharing instrument
4. Maternity infection
Ⅲ. The current situations
A. In Japan
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
B. Worldwide
1. Numbers
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Deaths
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
A. Sexual activities
1. Homosexual
2. Heterosexual
B. Influences
1. Men -on society
2. Unconscious -on relationships
3. Secondary disaster -on death
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
A. Effective preventions
1. No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex
2. Test and consult
3. Antiretroviral treatment
B. Another aspects
1. Japanese government
2. World AIDS Day
Ⅵ. Conclusion
Ⅰ. Introduction
In this world, a large number of viruses always threaten human health. There are many people who are living with AIDS throughout the world. Also, persons who become infected with HIV is spreading. Of course they are mostly in developing countries like Africa and South-East Asia, but nowadays, in Japan, they are increasing yearly. It is a big social issue. However, viruses are not only unknown ones but preventable. AIDS and HIV are included as one of latter. In other words, the spread of AIDS and HIV can be stopped and changed. Because it is occurred by a lack of knowledge, insufficient of solutions and careless actions. It depends on our behavior, our society and environments. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
Ⅱ. Origins and effects of AIDS and HIV
First of all, accurate definition of AIDS and HIV is needed. WHO defines that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. And, the most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People are infected with HIV so first that they become living with AIDS. It can take 10-15 years for an HIV-infected person to develop AIDS.
Then, it shows where people get HIV. WHO gives the four transmitted causes. First is the unprotected sexual intercourse (anal or vaginal). Second is the transfusion of contaminated blood by HIV. And, the sharing of contaminated needles is third, between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding is fourth.
Ⅲ. The current situations
In Japan, the spread of HIV and AIDS is quite serious problem. People who are infected with HIV/AIDS are growing every year. The latest number of them is 17000, UNAIDS reports. It has over doubled in the last 10 years. Furthermore, the number could be estimated four times because most are unconscious of infection. The ratio of men to women is equal substantially. They all are aged 15 and over. For the present, no children of 14 and under are infected with HIV/AIDS and the dead are nothing. Although, the dead of adults due to AIDS are 1400 (Japanese Foundation for AIDS Prevention).
While, the estimated number of persons living with HIV worldwide in 2007 was 33.2 million. Every day, over 6800 persons become infected with HIV and over 5700 persons die from AIDS. People newly infected with HIV in 2007 are 2.5 million, but that number has been decreasing for last 10 years. The ratio of men to women is equal. The number of children under 15 years living with is 2.5 million. However, as well as whole, children newly infected with HIV declined. The number of adult and child deaths due to AIDS is 2.1 million. It also has decreased actually.
Ⅳ. Causes and problems in Japan
The supreme problem in Japan is the expanding number of HIV/AIDS. The causes of transmitted in Japan are almost as same as general ways. The routes are sexual activities, blood infection and maternity infection. Especially, the sexual activities is the major factor. It can be divided into three patterns, by homosexual, heterosexual and others. Particularly, the infection by homosexual is remarkably increasing. In spite of that the number of people with HIV/AIDS are caused by whether homosexual or heterosexual is almost equal, the number by homosexual is about 3.6 times in a decade. While, by heterosexual decreased about 1.5 times against the highest number and usually flattens in these several years.
In Tokyo, there are 40 percent of whole which living with HIV/AIDS. In which, actually 90 percent of that is men. In them which includes men who have sex with men, who are infected with HIV are in twenties and thirties and living with AIDS are in forties and fifties (Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government). That is a problem. Because they are in their prime and an important role of the Japanese society.
Another problem results from the property of this disease. HIV takes about ten years until developing AIDS symptoms. So, most of people are unconscious of infection. It can cause a vicious circle for relationships between couple and family or social. It is the truth that secondary infection is spreading. Moreover, people do not realize it. They miss a chance to have early treatment. For the worst, it might lead them to death.
Ⅴ. Possible and effective solutions
Aim to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS, the most effective preventions are needed. The first possible prevention is No Sex, Safe Sex and Safer sex. On sexual activities, what be off the routes of infection is importance. Also, what have safe and regular partner or what use a condom properly are effective. The next possible prevention is to be conscious of HIV/AIDS. Recently, there are so many places where can test or consult everywhere. Because they are free and anonymous, people can undergo easily without feeling constraint. It takes only from a week to 10 days until when result of test. The third is antiretroviral treatment. Actually, there is no sure remedy against this disease. Yet, there is extremely effective treatment as HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy). It can prevent to develop AIDS.
As another aspects, Japanese government has proclaimed AIDS prevention guideline since 2006. It aims as follows, Putting the emphasis on the enlightenment and education, Improvement of voluntary HIV testing and counseling system and Re-building the system for provision of medical care. Globally, to prevent the spread of AIDS in worldwide and dissolve discrimination or prejudice for persons with HIV/AIDS, WHO has fixed December 1st for World AIDS Day since 1998 and advocated administration of enlightenment activities and so on of AIDS.
Ⅵ. Conclusion
In these ways, the spread of HIV/AIDS can be stopped. Besides, as a result, the number of persons with HIV/AIDS can decrease. To succeed it, synthetic actions, personally, nationally and globally, are needed. Especially, on prevention, individual actions are essential. Therefore, it should be realized again that everyone has a possibility and be needed to act personally and positively.
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ESSAY Draft Checklist
WRITER:MIKI
PEER EDITOR:HANAKO
Formatting/Appearance
Header top right? No
Student information top left? No
Title large size? No
Body text normal size? Yes
Paragraphs indented? No
One space after all punctuation? Yes
Title and Student Information
1) Title reflects view point and content? Yes No
2) Title correctly capitalized? Yes No
3) Title one font size larger than student information? No
4) Student information correct and complete? No
5) Student information top left corner? No
Introduction
6) Do the first few sentences of the introduction capture your interest? Yes
7) Is the introduction well-developed & organized smoothly leading to the thesis? Yes
8) Does the introduction provide enough background information? Yes
9) Does the introduction avoid excessive detail? Yes
10) Is the thesis the final sentence of the introduction? Yes
11) Does the thesis clearly state the topic and controlling ideas(s)? Yes
12) Is the thesis clear and easy to understand? Yes
13) Does the thesis present an issue or idea that can be argued? Yes
Body Paragraphs
14) Does each paragraph have a clear topic sentence directly related to the thesis? Yes
15) Does each paragraph include at least one piece of evidence which has been thoroughly explained to support the topic sentence? Yes
16) Does each body paragraph directly relate to the thesis statement? No
17) Does each body paragraph have a concluding sentence? (If necessary) Yes No
Conclusion
18) Does the conclusion restate the thesis, summarize the main points, and then give suggestions/offer predictions/solutions? (If appropriate) Yes
19) Does the conclusion leave you with the feeling that the paper is complete? Yes
Unity/Coherence/Grammar
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21) Does the paper contain irrelevant information? No
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23) Does the paper contain grammatical errors? No
24) Does the paper contain many spelling or typographical errors? No
25) Overall, does the paper make sense? Yes
Paraphrasing/Summarizing/Citations
26) Are sources effectively, appropriately, and adequately used? Yes
27) Has the writer integrated, not just dumped, their sources into the text? Yes
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29) Does the essay have citations within the paper? No
30) Are the citations written correctly? Yes No
31) Are there any missing citations? Yes No
32) Is there a Works Cited? No
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